The persistent addressing of cultural objects, holdings and collections, and especially their contexts, such as associated events, actors, locations, provenance and concepts, is playing an increasingly important role, particularly in the humanities disciplines. PIDs have already been established for the majority of digital and non-digital library holdings. In particular, the IDs of the Integrated Authority File (GND). are used here. These enable reliable access to digital publications or provide stable anchor points in the form of standardisation data IDs for referencing in linked data and semantic web applications for research projects.
Furthermore, URNs, DOIs and ARKs are assigned for cultural objects, depending on the area of application. ARKs are better known in the Americas, URNs are used primarily in the library sector and DOIs are universally known and applicable.